Rezolutia 1973, Libia si evolutia dreptului umanitar

Posted on March 21, 2011 by denisapatrascu

De 2 zile a început o noua forma de război in Libia. Istoria ne arata ca non-fly zone se transforma in combat-zone, care cel putin pana acum nu avea un temei juridic bine definit.

Paragraful 4 al Rezolutiei 1973 ofera posibilitatea utilizarii fortei pentru a proteja civilii, sub forma „to take all necessary measures , . . . . . to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory” (sa ia toate masurile necesare … de a proteja civilii si zone populate de civili sub ameninţarea unui atac al  Jamahiriya, incluzand Benghazi, excluzând o forţă de ocupaţie străină de orice formă, cu privire la orice parte a teritoriului libian).

Este prima rezolutie in care acesti termeni sunt atat de bine delimitati.

Istoria recenta ne arata ca doctrina interventiilor umanitare a a avut o evolutie fulminanta din anii ‚90 pana in prezent, iar termenii folositi au evoluat odata cu schimbarea perceptiei de la garantarea la ocrotirea drepturilor civililor, de la non-interventie militara impotriva unui stat pentru actiuni interne, la masuri coercitive de embarogou economic, pana la actiuni militare.

O scurta recapitulare pentru a vedea aceasta evolutie.

In interventia din Sierra Leone din 1999 textul se limita la „to protect United Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel and, without prejudice to the efforts of the government, to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence, within their capabilities” (sa protejeze personalul ONU, facilitatile, instalatiile si echipamentul, sa asigure securitatea si libertatea de miscare a personalului si, fara a prejudicia eforturile guvernului sa protejeze civilii aflati sub iminenta amenintare cu violenta).

Aceasta a fost baza interventiilor umanitare ale ONU in anii 90, atat in Bosnia-Hertegovina (astazi, unul din votantii rezolutiei 1973/2011), Somalia si Rwanda. Rezolutia 688 prin care se asigura protectie populatiei kurde din primul razboi din Golf, nu a fost adoptata in temeiul capitolului VII din Carta Natiunilor Unite ceea ce a expus USA la numeorase critici, atat externe dar mai ales interne.

Interventia NATO in Kosovo de la sfarsitul anului 1999 s-a bazat pe doctrina exceptiei umanitare, fara sa aiba aprobarea unei rezolutii ONU. Aceasta situatie a creat o situatie confuza in interiorul ONU, care s-a vazut obligata sa clarifice din punct de vedere juridic situatia interventiilor umanitare, cu scopul protectiei civililor impotriva armatelor statului propriu, fapt ce a generat un set de rapoarte in baza caruia s-a creat setul de principii privind responsabilitatea de a proteja civilii (cunoscut ca R2P), care a primit aprobarea la summitul ONU abia in 2005 prin paragrafele 138 si 139, potrivit carora:

„138. Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. This responsibility entails the prevention of such crimes, including their incitement, through appropriate and necessary means. We accept that responsibility and will act in accordance with it. The international community should, as appropriate, encourage and help States to exercise this responsibility and support the United Nations in establishing an early warning capability.

139. The international community, through the United Nations, also has the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, in accordance with Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter, to help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In this context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities manifestly fail to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. We stress the need for the General Assembly to continue consideration of the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and its implications, bearing in mind the principles of the Charter and international law. We also intend to commit ourselves, as necessary and appropriate, to helping States build capacity to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and to assisting those which are under stress before crises and conflicts break out.”

Pe 17 martie 2011 dreptul umanitar a cunoscut un nou pas istoric. Rezolutia 1973/2011 autorizeaza statele membre sa ia toate masurile pentru a proteja civilii. Au votat pentru aceasta: USA, UK, Franta (membrii permanenti) si Bosnia si Hertegovina, Columbia, Gabon, Liban, Nigeria, Portugalia, Africa de Sud (membri nepermanenti). S-au abtinut: Rusia, China (membrii permanenti) si Germania, Brazilia si India (membri nepermanenti).

Textul complet:

RESOLUTION 1973/2011

The Security Council,

Recalling its resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011,

Deploring the failure of the Libyan authorities to comply with resolution 1970 (2011),

Expressing grave concern at the deteriorating situation, the escalation of violence, and the heavy civilian casualties,

Reiterating the responsibility of the Libyan authorities to protect the Libyan population and reaffirming that parties to armed conflicts bear the primary responsibility to take all feasible steps to ensure the protection of civilians,

Condemning the gross and systematic violation of human rights, including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, torture and summary executions,

Further condemning acts of violence and intimidation committed by the Libyan authorities against journalists, media professionals and associated personnel and urging these authorities to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law as outlined in resolution 1738 (2006),

Considering that the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity,

Recalling paragraph 26 of resolution 1970 (2011) in which the Council expressed its readiness to consider taking additional appropriate measures, as necessary, to facilitate and support the return of humanitarian agencies and make available humanitarian and related assistance in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Expressing its determination to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian populated areas and the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance and the safety of humanitarian personnel,

Recalling the condemnation by the League of Arab States, the African Union, and the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference of the serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law that have been and are being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Taking note of the final communiqué of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference of 8 March 2011, and the communiqué of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union of 10 March 2011 which established an ad hoc High Level Committee on Libya,

Taking note also of the decision of the Council of the League of Arab States of 12 March 2011 to call for the imposition of a no-fly zone on Libyan military aviation, and to establish safe areas in places exposed to shelling as a precautionary measure that allows the protection of the Libyan people and foreign nationals residing in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Taking note further of the Secretary-General’s call on 16 March 2011 for an immediate cease-fire,

Recalling its decision to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, and stressing that those responsible for or complicit in attacks targeting the civilian population, including aerial and naval attacks, must be held to account,

Reiterating its concern at the plight of refugees and foreign workers forced to flee the violence in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, welcoming the response of neighbouring States, in particular Tunisia and Egypt, to address the needs of those refugees and foreign workers, and calling on the international community to support those efforts,

Deploring the continuing use of mercenaries by the Libyan authorities,

Considering that the establishment of a ban on all flights in the airspace of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya constitutes an important element for the protection of civilians as well as the safety of the delivery of humanitarian assistance and a decisive step for the cessation of hostilities in Libya,

Expressing concern also for the safety of foreign nationals and their rights in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Welcoming the appointment by the Secretary General of his Special Envoy to Libya, Mr Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib and supporting his efforts to find a sustainable and peaceful solution to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

Determining that the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security,

Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,

1. Demands the immediate establishment of a cease-fire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of, civilians;

2. Stresses the need to intensify efforts to find a solution to the crisis which responds to the legitimate demands of the Libyan people and notes the decisions of the Secretary-General to send his Special Envoy to Libya and of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union to send its ad hoc High Level Committee to Libya with the aim of facilitating dialogue to lead to the political reforms necessary to find a peaceful and sustainable solution;

3. Demands that the Libyan authorities comply with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law and take all measures to protect civilians and meet their basic needs, and to ensure the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance;

Protection of civilians

4. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in cooperation with the Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory, and requests the Member States concerned to inform the Secretary-General immediately of the measures they take pursuant to the authorization conferred by this paragraph which shall be immediately reported to the Security Council;

5. Recognizes the important role of the League of Arab States in matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security in the region, and bearing in mind Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, requests the Member States of the League of Arab States to cooperate with other Member States in the implementation of paragraph 4;

No fly zone

6. Decides to establish a ban on all flights in the airspace of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in order to help protect civilians;

7. Decides further that the ban imposed by paragraph 6 shall not apply to flights whose sole purpose is humanitarian, such as delivering or facilitating the delivery of assistance, including medical supplies, food, humanitarian workers and related assistance, or evacuating foreign nationals from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, nor shall it apply to flights authorised by paragraphs 4 or 8, nor other flights which are deemed necessary by States acting under the authorisation conferred in paragraph 8 to be for the benefit of the Libyan people, and that these flights shall be coordinated with any mechanism established under paragraph 8;

8. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, to take all necessary measures to enforce compliance with the ban on flights imposed by paragraph 6 above, as necessary, and requests the States concerned in cooperation with the League of Arab States to coordinate closely with the Secretary General on the measures they are taking to implement this ban, including by establishing an appropriate mechanism for implementing the provisions of paragraphs 6 and 7 above,

9. Calls upon all Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, to provide assistance, including any necessary over-flight approvals, for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 above;

10. Requests the Member States concerned to coordinate closely with each other and the Secretary-General on the measures they are taking to implement paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 above, including practical measures for the monitoring and approval of authorised humanitarian or evacuation flights;

11. Decides that the Member States concerned shall inform the Secretary-General and the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States immediately of measures taken in exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 8 above, including to supply a concept of operations;

12. Requests the Secretary-General to inform the Council immediately of any actions taken by the Member States concerned in exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 8 above and to report to the Council within 7 days and every month thereafter on the implementation of this resolution, including information on any violations of the flight ban imposed by paragraph 6 above;

Enforcement of the arms embargo

13. Decides that paragraph 11 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall be replaced by the following paragraph : “Calls upon all Member States, in particular States of the region, acting nationally or through regional organisations or arrangements, in order to ensure strict implementation of the arms embargo established by paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), to inspect in their territory, including seaports and airports, and on the high seas, vessels and aircraft bound to or from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, if the State concerned has information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer or export of which is prohibited by paragraphs 9 or 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) as modified by this resolution, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, calls upon all flag States of such vessels and aircraft to cooperate with such inspections and authorises Member States to use all measures commensurate to the specific circumstances to carry out such inspections”;

14. Requests Member States which are taking action under paragraph 13 above on the high seas to coordinate closely with each other and the Secretary-General and further requests the States concerned to inform the Secretary-General and the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) (“the Committee”) immediately of measures taken in the exercise of the authority conferred by paragraph 13 above;

15. Requires any Member State whether acting nationally or through regional organisations or arrangements, when it undertakes an inspection pursuant to paragraph 13 above, to submit promptly an initial written report to the Committee containing, in particular, explanation of the grounds for the inspection, the results of such inspection, and whether or not cooperation was provided, and, if prohibited items for transfer are found, further requires such Member States to submit to the Committee, at a later stage, a subsequent written report containing relevant details on the inspection, seizure, and disposal, and relevant details of the transfer, including a description of the items, their origin and intended destination, if this information is not in the initial report;

16. Deplores the continuing flows of mercenaries into the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and calls upon all Member States to comply strictly with their obligations under paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) to prevent the provision of armed mercenary personnel to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;

Ban on flights

17. Decides that all States shall deny permission to any aircraft registered in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or owned or operated by Libyan nationals or companies to take off from, land in or overfly their territory unless the particular flight has been approved in advance by the Committee, or in the case of an emergency landing;

18. Decides that all States shall deny permission to any aircraft to take off from, land in or overfly their territory, if they have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the aircraft contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited by paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) as modified by this resolution, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, except in the case of an emergency landing;

Asset freeze

19. Decides that the asset freeze imposed by paragraph 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall apply to all funds, other financial assets and economic resources which are on their territories, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Libyan authorities, as designated by the Committee, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them, as designated by the Committee, and decides further that all States shall ensure that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by their nationals or by any individuals or entities within their territories, to or for the benefit of the Libyan authorities, as designated by the Committee, or individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them, as designated by the Committee, and directs the Committee to designate such Libyan authorities, individuals or entities within 30 days of the date of the adoption of this resolution and as appropriate thereafter;

20. Affirms its determination to ensure that assets frozen pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall, at a later stage, as soon as possible be made available to and for the benefit of the people of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;

21. Decides that all States shall require their nationals, persons subject to their jurisdiction and firms incorporated in their territory or subject to their jurisdiction to exercise vigilance when doing business with entities incorporated in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or subject to its jurisdiction, and any individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, and entities owned or controlled by them, if the States have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that such business could contribute to violence and use of force against civilians;

Designations

22. Decides that the individuals listed in Annex I shall be subject to the travel restrictions imposed in paragraphs 15 and 16 of resolution 1970 (2011), and decides further that the individuals and entities listed in Annex II shall be subject to the asset freeze imposed in paragraphs 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011);

23. Decides that the measures specified in paragraphs 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 and 21 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall apply also to individuals and entities determined by the Council or the Committee to have violated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011), particularly paragraphs 9 and 10 thereof, or to have assisted others in doing so;

Panel of experts

24. Requests the Secretary-General to create for an initial period of one year, in consultation with the Committee, a group of up to eight experts (“Panel of Experts”), under the direction of the Committee to carry out the following tasks:

(a) Assist the Committee in carrying out its mandate as specified in paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution;

(b) Gather, examine and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organisations and other interested parties regarding the implementation of the measures decided in resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution, in particular incidents of non-compliance;

(c) Make recommendations on actions the Council, or the Committee or State, may consider to improve implementation of the relevant measures;

(d) Provide to the Council an interim report on its work no later than 90 days after the Panel’s appointment, and a final report to the Council no later than 30 days prior to the termination of its mandate with its findings and recommendations;

25. Urges all States, relevant United Nations bodies and other interested parties, to cooperate fully with the Committee and the Panel of Experts, in particular by supplying any information at their disposal on the implementation of the measures decided in resolution 1970 (2011) and this resolution, in particular incidents of non-compliance;

26. Decides that the mandate of the Committee as set out in paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) shall also apply to the measures decided in this resolution;

27. Decides that all States, including the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, shall take the necessary measures to ensure that no claim shall lie at the instance of the Libyan authorities, or of any person or body in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, or of any person claiming through or for the benefit of any such person or body, in connection with any contract or other transaction where its performance was affected by reason of the measures taken by the Security Council in resolution 1970 (2011), this resolution and related resolutions;

28. Reaffirms its intention to keep the actions of the Libyan authorities under continuous review and underlines its readiness to review at any time the measures imposed by this resolution and resolution 1970 (2011), including by strengthening, suspending or lifting those measures, as appropriate, based on compliance by the Libyan authorities with this resolution and resolution 1970 (2011).

29. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

 

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Modificarile Codului Muncii cu bune si rele

Posted on March 1, 2011 by denisapatrascu

Odată cu informarea asupra angajării răspunderii guvernului pe  legea privind modificările Codului Muncii dl. Boc ne-a spus cât de necesare sunt acestea pentru flexibilizarea pieței muncii. Cu mic si mare ascultam perorațiile multor politicieni care explica ca era necesar sa flexibilizam relațiile de munca.

Ma uit la cifre si vad ca peste 600.000 de persoane sunt șomere, indemnizate sau nu. Asta înseamna ca în urma cu un an sau 2 aceste persoane aveau o slujba, (sau isi continuau studiile) iar acum nu o mai au. Ca aceste persoane sa se angajeze e nevoie sa se creeze noi locuri de munca, flexibilizarea contractelor pe perioada nedeterminata spre cele pe perioada determinata, nu face decat sa creasca precaritatea veniturilor si celor care azi au (inca) o slujba.  Pentru ca outsider-ii pietei muncii sa devina insider-i e nevoie de modificarea intreagii politici fiscale, pentru ca indiferent de  modificarile Codului muncii, daca nu se schimba ceva in politica de creditare si de susținere a investițiilor, rata somajului va ramane pe o curba ascendenta.

Discuțiile despre flexibilitate te duc cu gandul ca pana acum piata muncii a fost inflexibila. Acesta sa fi fost motivul pentru care in 2008 rata somajului ajunsese la 3,8%?

Flexibilitatea se face când ai o oferta crescuta de forță de munca si când economia funcționează si creează noi locuri de munca. Când economia se contracta trebuie sa protejezi locurile de munca, pentru ca reducerea resurselor financiare duce la scaderea consumului si ai efect de domino in toata economia.

Cineva intr-un birou guvernamental, probabil plimbat la cateva grupuri de lucru la Comisia Europeana, a auzit despre flexicuritate si a zis daca altii fac, sa facem si noi. Daca colegul lui din Olanda i-a povestit despre cresterea contractelor temporare a zis ca merge si la noi, si ca daca nu s-au incheiat in niciun an mai mult de 8.000 de astfel de contracte e din cauza Codului Muncii, din 2005 pana acum. Nu si-a pus problema ca pentru a te autoriza trebuie sa depui o garantie de 25 salarii minime pe economie, motiv pentru care in ultimii 6 ani  s-au autorizat putin peste 100 agenti de munca temporara in toata tara.

Daca statea mai mult de vorba cu colegul sau din Spania ar fi aflat ca printre primele masuri luate de la inceperea crizei financiare au fost reducerea contractelor de munca pe perioada detereminata, iar triunghiul de aur danez presupune preluarea riscurilor de somaj de catre stat, un mix de politici active pe piata fortei de munca si o rotire a posturilor. Acestea sunt masurile de flexicuritate considerate de OCDE si Comisia Europeana ca fiind un succes, si ale caror bune practici ar trebui multiplicate in celelalte state membre.

Raspunsul guvernului Boc este un set de masuri fara coerenta care nu vor ajuta angajatorul. Pe acesta nu-l ajuta cu nimic transformarea formei scrise din ad probationem in ad validitatem (desi logica unei flexibilizari ar spune ca fiind o conventie a partilor, ea trebuie probata in scris, nu valabila doar in acest caz…). Masurile de lupta contra muncii la negru nu se limiteaza la Codul Muncii, atat timp cat birocratia  si costurile totale ale unui angajator raman la nivelul de azi. REVISAL-ul – softul registrului de evidenta al salariatilor da rateuri pentru ca a fost dimensionat pentru alt numar de campuri, care acum s-a marit. Inregistrarea in acesta nu scuteste insa de restul birocratiei unui contract de munca.

Nu spun ca toate prevederile acestui cod sunt proaste, dar cu siguranta multe din ele nu au acoperire in piata muncii. Nevoile pietei muncii s-au nuantat din 2003 cand a aparut Codul Muncii. La modul in care s-a vorbit despre aceste modificari ma asteptam sa vina cu niste noutati gen contractul de munca de tip tele-working, munca sezoniera sau ziliera. Cu siguranta nu ma asteptam sa se prevada intru-un cod al muncii dintr-un stat european ca prevederile referitoare la concedierile colective  din Cod sa nu se aplice salariatilor bugetari. Acestia vor fi lasati la mana culorii de partid, din nou.

Care sunt elementele cu care nu pot fi de acord din modificarile Codului Muncii?

  1. marirea perioadei de incheiere contractului individual de munca pe perioada determinata 36 luni fata de 24 in prezent, chiar peste aceasta perioada pentru realizarea unui proiect sau lucrare. Acordul partilor nu poate sa tina loc de reglementare sau completare la prevederile codului. De asemenea se abroga prevederea referitoare la incheierea dupa cele 3 contracte individuale de munca  succesive, in cazul continuarii activitatii, activitatea sa fie considerata in baza unui contract individual de munca  pe perioada nedeterminata;
  2. modificarile prevederilor privind munca agent de munca temporara fara a se tine cont de modificarile aparute dupa intrarea in vigoare a Directivei 2008/104 CE a Parlamentului European și a Consiliului privind munca prin agent de muncă temporară (posibilitatea de a fi agent de munca temporara si a persoanei fizice). Interesant este ca desi este o forma a contractului de munca pe perioada determinata acesta poate fi incheiat pe 24 luni, desi pentru acesta din urma se propun 36 luni. Cand este flexibil in acest caz? La 24 luni ca in prezent si cum se mentioneaza pentru cel temporar sau la 36 luni cum propun pentru contractul pe perioada determinata, si in consecinta, aceasi reglementare trebuie aplicata si contractului prin agent de munca temporara; desi se mentioneaza ca salariatul temporar este la dispozitia agentului de munca temporara, nu se specifica temeiul juridic (contractul e incheiat pe durata unei misiuni) si salarizarea/ alte drepturi in acest interval.
  3. marirea perioadei de proba : 45 zile fata de 30 pentru functiile de executie si 120 fata de 90 zile pentru functiile conducere, ce pot fi ocupate de 4 respectiv 3 contracte consecutive in interiorul celor 12 luni, in conditiile in care in prezent nu pot fi incheiate mai mult de 3 astfel de contracte succesive ajungand astfel la o durata maxima de pana la 90 (executie – cat se prevede azi pentru o singura perioada de proba), respectiv 270 zile (conducere);
  4. pana acum neinformarea salariatului asupra perioadei de proba decadea din drepturi angajatorul la aceasta forma de verificare, acum se aborga prevederea, iar pericolul este ca salariatul sa nu stie ca se afla intr-o perioada de proba, dar suporta toate consecintele uneia;
  5. criteriile pentru salariatii din piata privata referitoare la concedierea colectiva nu sunt aplicabile bugetarilor, fara a se preciza care sunt normele care guverneaza concedierea colectiva a acestora.
  6. se elimina prevederea referitoare la imposibilitatea angajarii pe aceeasi functie timp de 9 luni, dupa o concediere colectiva, ceea ce ridica semne de intrebare asupra necesitatii masurii.
  7. in privinta muncii suplimentare se mareste perioada de referinta de la 3 la 4 luni pentru care media saptamanala sa fie pana la 48 h/saptamana ceea ce duce la o crestere a numarului de ore/luna, in conditiile in care inca sunt in dezbatere europeana prevederile privind modificarea Directivei 88/2003 privind timpul de lucru. Exista posibilitatea extinderii perioadei de referinta mai mari de 4 luni, dar pana la 6 sau pana la 12 luni in cazul mentionarii in contractul colectiv de munca. In ce caz ce se aplica se aplica majorarea perioadei de referinta la 6 luni sau  la 12 luni este greu de spus (pentru perioada de 12 se specifica respectarea regulilor de securitate si santate in munca, de parca in alt caz acestea s-ar exclude);
  8. Se prevede posibilitatea maririi perioadei de munca in conditii deosebite si speciale peste 8 ore, incalcand prevederile Conventiei 98 a OIM. Recompensarea baneasca nu este suficienta, daca se pune in pericol sanatatea si securitatea salariatului.
  9. marirea perioadei in care se poate compensa cu timp liber munca suplimentare de la 30 la 60 zile, ceea ce reduce efectul de refacere a organismului;
  10. in privinta concediului de odihna se propune posibilitatea de a fi luat fractionat fara ca una din perioade sa fie mai mica de 10 zile lucratorare fata de 15 zile lucratoare (in prezent).
  11. În situaţia în care angajatorul constată că angajatul său a provocat o pagubă din vina şi în legătură cu munca sa va putea solicita angajatului printr-o notă de constatare şi evaluare a pagubei, recuperarea contravalorii acesteia într-un termen care nu va putea fi mai mic de 30 de zile de la data comunicări. In prezent este necesara o hotarare judecatoreasca definitiva pentru a putea retine din salariu. Aceasta situatie poate genera abuzuri
  12. Abrogarea prevederii referitoare la sarcina probei, pana in prezent in sarcina angajatorului va duce la imposibilitatea de a proba a salariatului-reclamant, deoarece nu el este realizatorul documentelor de resurse umane.
  13. Renuntarea la denumirea unor functii ca fiind de conducere, poate duce de asemenea la abuzuri, persoane care indeplinesc atributii de conducere, avand in subordine alte persoane, sa nu beneficieze de drepturile corespunzatoare activitatii, pentru ca functia nu se regaseste in reglementarile angajatorului.
  14. Toate contractele colective de munca sunt valabile pana la 31.12.2011, ceea ce reprezinta o ingerinta in legea partilor.

Ce aduce totusi bun:

  1. Pentru lupta impotriva muncii la negru forma scrisa ad validitatem pentru contractul individual de munca este benefica, cu conditia realizarii si a unor mecanisme administrative suple;
  2. Reaparitia notiunii de stagiu pentru absolventii formelor de invatamant, cu o durata de 6 luni;
  3. Obligativitatea eliberarii si fostilor salariati a documentelor care sa ateste activitatea, salariul, durata activitatii, vechimea in munca si specialitate;
  4. Prevederea situatiei de reducere temporara a activităţii, pentru motive economice, tehnologice, structurale sau similare pe perioade care depăşesc 30 zile lucrătoare, in care angajatorul  va avea posibilitatea reducerii programului de lucru de la 5 zile la 4 zile pe săptămână, cu reducerea corespunzătoare a salariului, până la remedierea situaţiei care a cauzat reducerea programului.
  5. Incetarea contractului individual de munca la data comunicarii deciziei de pensionare pentru pensia de invaliditate, pensiei anticipate parţiale, pensiei anticipate, pensiei pentru limită de vârstă cu reducerea vârstei standard de pensionare (fiind de fapt un artificiu pentru a nu lasa acesti oameni fara venit luni de zile pana se emite decizia de pensionare, din cauza unei birocratii excesive la casele de pensii);
  6. Stabilirea in contractual individual de munca a elementelor de evaluare profesionala, obiective de performanta, astfel ca ambele parti sa stie care sunt de la inceput.
  7. Cresterea perioadei de preaviz: pana la 20 zile executie, pana la 45 zile functiile de conducere
  8. Cresterea sporului pentru munca de noapte (minim 3 ore) de la 15 la 25%
  9. Recunoasterea tuturor drepturilor salariale pe perioada formarii profesionale
  10. Lasarea la nivelul negocierii individuale/colective a perioadei in care salariatul nu poate avea initiativa incetarii contractului individual de munca (pana acum se stabilea marja de 3 ani)
  11. Clarificarea notiunii de reprezentare a salariatilor in cazul in care nu sunt constituite sindicate la unitatile cu peste 20 de salariati (prin reprezentantii salariatilor)
  12. Negocierea prin contractul colectiv de munca a numarului de ore pentru activitatea sindicala a liderilor sindicali (pana acum era fixat la 20 ore)
  13. Mentionarea prevederilor minimale ale regulamentului intern, astfel incat sa nu mai existe dezbateri la controlul inspectorilor de munca;
  14. Inasprirea pedepselor pentru munca la negru si a folosirii persoanelor victime a traficului de persoane (ajungandu-se la inchisoare si pedepse complementare de neeligibilitate la licitatii publice, fonduri structurale).

Filed under: Analize juridice, Politica | Tagged: , , , , , , , | 1 Comment »

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